Vocabulary for IGCSE biology

Cell Biology

Word	中文翻译	Definition
cell	细胞	The basic unit of life in all living organisms.
organelle	细胞器	A small structure inside a cell with a specific function.
nucleus	细胞核	The control center of a cell that contains DNA.
chromosome	染色体	A structure made of DNA that carries genetic information.
cytoplasm	细胞质	The jelly-like fluid inside the cell that holds organelles.
membrane	膜	A thin layer that surrounds a cell and controls what enters and leaves.
mitochondria	线粒体	The powerhouse of the cell, where energy is produced.
ribosome	核糖体	A small organelle where proteins are made.
synthesis	合成	The process of making complex substances from simpler ones.
endoplasmic reticulum	内质网	A network of membranes in a cell that helps move and produce materials.
chloroplast	叶绿体	The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis happens.
vacuole	液泡	A storage space in cells, especially large in plant cells.
permanent	永久的	Describes cells that do not divide again after maturing.
ciliated	有纤毛的	Having small hair-like structures that help move substances.
guard (cell)	保卫细胞	A cell in plant leaves that controls the opening and closing of stomata.
xylem	木质部	A tissue that carries water from roots to other parts of the plant.
nerve (cell)	神经细胞	A cell that carries electrical signals in the body.
haemoglobin	血红蛋白	A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
cone (cell)	锥体细胞	A type of eye cell that detects color.
optic	视神经的	Related to the eye or vision.
palisade	栅栏细胞	A type of leaf cell with many chloroplasts, found near the leaf surface.
mesophyll	叶肉组织	The inner tissue of a leaf, where photosynthesis takes place.
sperm	精子	The male sex cell used in reproduction.
egg	卵子	The female sex cell used in reproduction.
tissue	组织	A group of similar cells that work together to do a job.
organ	器官	A part of the body made of different tissues working together.
system	系统	A group of organs working together for a function.
spongy (mesophyll)	海绵状（叶肉）组织	Leaf tissue with air spaces for gas exchange.
diffusion	扩散	The movement of particles from high to low concentration.
concentration	浓度	The amount of substance in a certain volume.
gradient	梯度	A difference in concentration across a space.
passive (transport)	被动（运输）	Movement that does not require energy.
osmosis	渗透作用	The movement of water across a membrane from high to low water potential.
potential (water)	水势	The tendency of water to move from one area to another.
hypotonic	低渗	A solution with lower solute concentration than the cell.
hypertonic	高渗	A solution with higher solute concentration than the cell.
isotonic	等渗	A solution with the same solute concentration as the cell.
turgidity	膨胀性	The firmness of a plant cell due to water intake.
turgor (pressure)	膨压	The pressure inside a plant cell from water pushing against the cell wall.
wilt	枯萎	When a plant droops due to loss of water and turgor.
plasmolysis	质壁分离	When the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss.
flaccid	松弛的	A plant cell that has lost water and is soft.
carrier (protein)	载体蛋白	A protein in a membrane that helps move substances across it.

Classification of organisms

Word	中文翻译	Definition
nutrition	营养	The process of taking in and using food for energy and growth.
respiration	呼吸作用	The chemical process that releases energy from food.
movement	运动	The ability of an organism to change position or move parts of its body.
growth	生长	The increase in size or number of cells in an organism.
excretion	排泄	The removal of waste products made by cells.
sensitivity	对刺激的反应	The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.
reproduction	繁殖	The process of making more of the same kind of organism.
binomial	双名法	A naming system using two names: genus and species.
prokaryote	原核生物	A simple cell without a nucleus (e.g. bacteria).
bacteria	细菌	Single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
plasmid	质粒	A small circular piece of DNA in bacteria.
eukaryote	真核生物	Organisms with cells that have a nucleus.
kingdom	界（生物分类）	The highest group in biological classification (e.g. animal, plant).
protoctist	原生生物	Mostly single-celled eukaryotes, not animals, plants, or fungi.
fungi	真菌	Organisms like mushrooms and molds that feed by absorbing nutrients.
host	宿主	An organism that supports a parasite or virus.
fish	鱼类	Cold-blooded animals that live in water and breathe through gills.
amphibian	两栖动物	Cold-blooded animals that live both in water and on land.
reptile	爬行动物	Cold-blooded animals with dry, scaly skin.
bird	鸟类	Warm-blooded animals with feathers, wings, and beaks.
mammal	哺乳动物	Warm-blooded animals with hair or fur that produce milk for young.
arthropod	节肢动物	Invertebrates with jointed legs and segmented bodies.
crustacean	甲壳类动物	Arthropods with hard shells, like crabs and shrimp.
myriapod	多足类动物	Arthropods with many body segments and legs, like centipedes.
insect	昆虫	Arthropods with three body parts and six legs.
arachnid	蜘蛛纲动物	Arthropods with eight legs, like spiders and scorpions.
fern	蕨类植物	Non-flowering plants that reproduce with spores.
shoot	茎部/芽	The above-ground part of a plant, including stems and leaves.
root	根	The part of a plant that anchors it and absorbs water and nutrients.
dicotyledon	双子叶植物	Plants with two seed leaves.
monocotyledon	单子叶植物	Plants with one seed leaf.
dichotomous	二分法	A classification key that splits groups into two choices at each step.